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Later, tax-paying requirements were also dropped. Direct election was replacing selection by state legislatures as the method for choosing electors, increasing the importance of the popular vote.

Political campaigns felt more strongly than ever the need to appeal to the masses. The nation was expanding as western states joined the Union bringing their own issues and a desire for full participation. The Kentucky legislature in joint session unanimously nominated favorite son Henry Clay, looking to a time "when the people of the West may, with some confidence, appeal to the magnanimity of the whole Union, for a favorable consideration of their equal and just claim to a fair participation in the executive government of these states" Hopkins, James F.

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, , With no more national heroes of the Revolution left to succeed Monroe, regional figures and regional issues were becoming even more important.

In the presidential election of , regionalism and regional issues predominated. Choosing the president in the House became a matter of political deal-making. One important result was the eventual development of a new two-party system. By , the expanded electorate, with all its implications, became significant on a national level.

Voter participation in almost every state rose dramatically. In the complementary EDSITEment lesson, " The Campaign of Andrew Jackson and the Growth of Party Politics ," students review the election of , study the personalities and issues in the election of , and analyze statistics reflecting voting participation rates from to and voting results in to gauge the impact of Andrew Jackson's election and the new trends in the electorate. It may be necessary to clarify for students party names during the period covered in this lesson and the period just beyond.

What follows is, in the interest of brevity, a somewhat simplified explanation. In , all of the candidates claimed allegiance to the Democratic-Republican Party often called Republican which linked back directly to Jefferson and Madison. When Jackson became President in , he ran as a Democrat. Members of the new second party that rose in opposition called themselves National Republicans at first.

Later, the core of that opposition to Jackson took the name Whigs. In addition, The Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans are not the same as either our modern Democrats or Republicans, though our Democrats lay claim to the Jefferson legacy through their connection to Jackson's Democrats.

The election was as much a match of favorite sons as it was a struggle over policy. In general, the candidates were favored by different sections of the country, with Adams strong in the Northeast; Jackson in the South, West, and mid-Atlantic; Clay in parts of the West; and Crawford in parts of the East. With tens of thousands of new voters in the United States, the older system of having members of Congress assemble congressional caucuses to determine who would run was no longer tenable.

It became clear that voters had regional interests and for the first time, the popular vote had significant implications in a Presidential election. Electors were chosen by popular vote in 18 states, while the 6 remaining states employed the older system in which state legislatures selected electors. The Electoral College, however, was another matter.

Of the electoral votes, Jackson needed or more to win but secured only Adams won 84, Crawford 41, and Clay Meanwhile, John C. Calhoun secured a total of electoral votes and won the Vice Presidency in what was generally an uncompetitive race. Because Jackson did not receive a majority vote from the Electoral College, the election was decided following the terms of the 12th Amendment, which stipulated that when a candidate did not receive a majority of electoral votes, the election went to the House of Representatives, where each state would provide one vote.

Following the provisions of the 12th Amendment, only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in the House: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Harris Crawford.

House Speaker Clay did not want to see his rival, Jackson, become President and set about his efforts within the House to secure the Presidency for Adams, lobbying members to cast their vote for the candidate from New England. Jackson followed with 7 and Crawford with 4.

Following this logic, Jackson and his followers accused Clay and Adams of striking a corrupt bargain. John Adams, a Federalist, received the largest number of votes. Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic Republican, lost to Adams by three votes and became vice-president. The framers were not in favor of political parties and had made no mention of them in the Constitution. Yet here were a president and vice-president from different parties, and Adams and Jefferson were strongly opposed on many major issues including states' rights, the power and size of the national government, and tariffs.

The outcome of the election of would influence the way electors would be chosen as well as how they would vote in future elections. In the election of John Adams, the incumbent, again faced Thomas Jefferson.

This time the Democratic Republican electors were urged to vote the party ticket, that is, Thomas Jefferson for president and Aaron Burr for vice-president.

Seventy-three electors did just that, resulting in a tie for president between Jefferson and Burr. Under the Constitution, the vote moved to the House where Federalists desiring to embarrass Jefferson voted for Burr, forcing the ballot 35 times over six days. Finally, Alexander Hamilton reluctantly supported Jefferson and the tie was broken.

The election of had several lasting effects on the Electoral College system. It was the first time that a two-candidate ticket was promoted by a party, as well as the beginning of the practice of nominating electors who pledged to automatically vote the party ticket. This new development was directly opposed to the framers' original version of the electors as "free agents'" or informed, respectable, independent citizens from each state. By , the 12th Amendment was passed, making up for the weakness in the original Clause 3.

Never again would such a tie be possible, as separate ballots would now be cast for president and vice-president. The Election of and the featured document, Tally of the Electoral College Vote , bring to light two important points about the electoral system, one of them constitutional and the other born of the political party system. The election of had several candidates as serious contenders. The official Republican candidate, William H.

Crawford of Georgia, was nominated by a caucus, a private meeting of party leaders, but he lacked the backing of much of the party.

Nomination by the caucus had been under fire for years as being undemocratic, and the issue reached its peak by Today most states use direct primaries to nominate candidates while a small number still use nominating conventions. With so many candidates in the election of , it's not surprising that no candidate received a majority of votes in the Electoral College. Andrew Jackson had a plurality of both the popular vote For the first time, the presidential election vote proceeded to the House of Representatives.

Jackson was outraged after Adams appointed Clay secretary of state, and he proclaimed it a "corrupt bargain. Today most Americans perceive the Electoral College as a formality necessitated by the Constitution. Electors meet in their states on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December and cast their votes just as they did in The votes are sealed and sent by registered mail to Washington, D.

In recent history rarely has an elector failed to vote automatically for the candidate winning his or her state's popular votes.